律令制のもとで、農民は租のほかに賦役を負担した。
Under the ritsuryō system, farmers bore tax and labor obligations in addition to the rice tax.
賦役の重さから逃れようと、戸籍を離れて浮浪する者が増えた。
More and more people left their registered households and became vagrants to escape the heavy tax and labor burdens.
賦役令には調や庸の納め方が定められている。
The Code on Tax and Labor lays out how the cloth and labor-substitute taxes were to be paid.